曲霉菌对唑类抗真菌药物的耐药机制研究进展

侵袭性曲霉病是由致病曲霉菌引起的危及生命的真菌感染,主要致病菌为烟曲霉,而唑类抗真菌药物是临床治疗的首选。目前已上市的唑类抗真菌药物包括伊曲康唑,伏立康唑,泊沙康唑和伊沙康唑。然而,流行病学研究发现曲霉菌对唑类抗真菌药物的耐药率呈逐年上升趋势,给临床治疗造成了威胁。其中,Cyp51A蛋白突变、外排系统高表达以及环境耐药机制等多种因素都参与唑类抗真菌药物的耐药。因此,本文综述近年来有关曲霉菌对唑类抗真菌药物的耐药机制,以期为耐药监测、耐药菌控制和新药研发提供理论依据。     

Emerging therapeutic targets in the short QT syndrome

Introduction: Short QT Syndrome (SQTS) is a rare but dangerous condition characterised by abbreviated repolarisation, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and risk of sudden death. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are a first line protection against sudden death, but adjunct pharmacology is beneficial and desirable.

Areas covered: The genetic basis for genotyped SQTS variants (SQT1-SQT8) and evidence for arrhythmia substrates from experimental and simulation studies are discussed. The main ion channel/transporter targets for antiarrhythmic pharmacology are considered in respect of potential genotype-specific and non-specific treatments for the syndrome.

Expert opinion: Potassium channel blockade is valuable for restoring repolarisation and QT interval, though genotype-specific limitations exist in the use of some K⁺ channel inhibitors. A combination of K⁺ current inhibition during the action potential plateau, with sodium channel inhibition that collectively result in delaying repolarisation and post-repolarisation refractoriness is likely to be valuable in prolonging effective refractory period and wavelength for re-entry. Genotype-specific K⁺ channel inhibition is limited by a lack of targeted inhibitors in clinical use, though experimentally available selective inhibitors now exist. The relatively low proportion of successfully genotyped cases justifies an exome or genome sequencing approach, to reveal new mediators and targets, as demonstrated recently for SLC4A3 in SQT8.     

红霉素联合阿奇霉素短程治疗小儿支原体肺炎临床分析

目的探讨红霉素联合阿奇霉素短程治疗和红霉素、阿奇霉素常规治疗小儿支原体肺炎是否疗效相同;并作安全性比较.方法将56例患儿随机分为两组,对照组26例,观察组30例,并记录症状、体征及胸部X线、肝功能变化.结果两组治疗3 d后,症状均明显好转,且2周后复查X线阴影基本吸收,疗效无差异.结论红霉素联合阿奇霉素短程治疗与常规治疗疗效无差异,安全性相同.但前者可减少用药频率,缩短住院时间.     

特发性矮小症儿童血清GH、IGF-1、微量元素与体格发育指标的相关性分析

目的调查分析特发矮小症(ISS)儿童血清中生长激素(GH)、胰岛素生长因子-1(IGF-1)水平及钙镁锌等微量元素状况。方法选取2014年2月至2018年2月我院收治的矮小症儿童230例为研究对象(其中138例ISS患儿纳入ISS组,余下92例非ISS矮小症儿童纳入非ISS组),另选择同期体检的健康儿童50例为对照组,采用精氨酸激发试验及可乐定激发试验检测其血清GH水平,并分析三组IGF-1、微量元素(钙镁锌、维生素D)水平、体格发育指标[身高、体重、体质量指数(BMI)、瘦素(Leptin)、骨钙素(Ost)],分析ISS儿童GH、IGF-1水平与微量元素水平、体格发育指标的相关性。结果ISS组可乐定、精氨酸激发试验阳性率高于非ISS组(P<0.05);ISS组、非ISS组血清GH、IGF-1、钙、镁、锌及维生素D水平低于对照组,ISS组血清GH、IGF-1、钙及维生素D水平低于非ISS组(P<0.05);ISS组、非ISS组的身高、体重、BMI及血清Ost水平低于对照组,而Leptin水平高于对照组,ISS组的身高、体重及血清Leptin、Ost水平也低于非ISS组(P<0.05);Spearman相关性分析发现,ISS儿童血清GH、IGF-1水平与血清钙、锌、维生素D、BMI、Ost呈正相关,与Leptin呈负相关(P<0.05),而矮小症儿童血清GH、IGF-1水平与血清钙、镁、维生素D、BMI呈正相关,与Leptin呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论ISS儿童血清GH、IGF-1水平普遍偏低,且其钙镁锌等微量元素明显不足,可通过GH/IGF-1轴、微量元素对其进行诊断,并合理补充微量元素。     

创伤性面瘫物理疗法的临床研究

目的 比较超短波加离子导入疗法（A组）与电刺激加离子导入疗法（B组）治疗创伤性面瘫的效果。方法 对39例创伤性面神经损伤患者进行临床对照研究，通过量化面神经功能评价、神经电图检查及面神经功能的主观评价比较面神经损伤的治疗效果。结果 创伤性面瘫以青年男性多见，损伤程度以中、重度为主；对于神经损伤轻、中度患者,A组与B组均能促进神经恢复，B组神经功能开始恢复时间早于A组。对于神经损伤重度患者，A组与B组神经恢复率高于对照组，两组均不能减少并发症出现率。结论 超短波加离子导入疗法与电刺激加离子导入疗法均能促进面神经损伤的恢复，但对于减少并发症发生率并无帮助。     

German short forms of the Oral Health Impact Profile

OBJECTIVES: We report the development and psychometric evaluation of short forms of the Oral Health Impact Profile German version (OHIP-G) - an instrument to assess oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). METHODS: A five-item short form was developed using best subset regression in 2050 subjects from a national survey. Two 14-item versions were derived from English-language short forms and a 21-item version from previous factor analytic work. A second sample from the general population (n = 163) and a sample of clinical patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD; n = 175) were used to investigate validity and internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in 30 prosthodontic patients before treatment. Responsiveness was assessed in 67 patients treated for their TMD pain. RESULTS: Associations between short form summary scores and self-report of oral health and four oral disorders in the general population and in TMD patients were interpreted as support for convergent/groups validity. The instruments' responsiveness (effect measures of 0.55-0.98), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.72-0.87), and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.65-0.92) were sufficient. CONCLUSIONS: Sufficient discriminative and evaluative psychometric properties of short forms of the OHIP-G make the instruments suitable to assess OHRQoL in cross-sectional as well as longitudinal studies.     

上中切牙短根畸形患者骨性错[牙合]和轴倾度的临床分析

目的探讨昆明市人群中非综合征型短根畸形(short root anomaly,SRA)的患病率及与骨性错[牙合]和上中切牙轴倾度分布的关系,为SRA患者的正畸临床诊疗提供一定参考。方法回顾性分析2011年1月~2019年7月笔者所在医院收治患者CBCT数据库并随机抽样选取1000例,诊断出SRA患者27例(SRA组);对照组,为非SRA患者中随机选取的100例患者,根据其临床资料以及头影测量数据,将骨性错[牙合]分为I类骨性错,Ⅱ类骨性错[牙合],Ⅲ类骨性错[牙合]3个亚组,将中切牙轴倾度分为唇倾型、腭倾型和正常唇倾度型3个亚组,分析SRA组和对照组的性别、骨性错[牙合]以及上中切牙轴倾度分布情况。结果本研究所选人群中SRA的患病率为2.7%,女性的SRA患病率为3.67%(21/572),高于男性患病率1.4%(6/428),SRA患病率的性别差异具有统计学意义(χ^2=4.562,P=0.033)。SRA患者与对照组骨性错[牙合]构成比差异具有统计学意义(χ^2=8.710,P=0.013)。SRA患者骨性错以Ⅲ类骨性错[牙合]为主。SRA患者与对照组上中切牙轴倾度型构成比不同,差异具有统计学意义(χ^2=16.75,P<0.001)。SRA患者上中切牙轴倾度以腭倾型为主。结论SRA与Ⅲ类骨性错[牙合]及前牙腭倾型轴倾度有关,正畸治疗前需对此类患者的冠根比和根形进行评估。     

Feasibility of oral health-related quality of life assessment in prosthodontic patients using abbreviated Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaires

Summary  To report about the feasibility of oral health-related quality of life assessment using two short forms of the Oral Health Impact Profile – OHIP-J14 and OHIP-J5 – in prosthodontic patients. Using the item pool of the Japanese version of the OHIP, two short forms based on a 14-item English-language version and a 5-item German-language questionnaire were derived. To test construct validity, the associations between summary scores of two short versions and self-reported oral health and self-reported denture quality have been investigated. Responsiveness was tested in 30 patients treated for their removable partial denture. Test–retest reliability using a time interval of 2 weeks and internal consistency were also tested. Associations between the two short form summary scores and self-reported oral health and denture quality supported construct validity of the instruments. Acceptable reliability for OHIP-J14 and OHIP-J5 was indicated by intra-class correlation coefficients of 0·73 and 0·75 (test–retest reliability) and CRONBACH'S alpha of 0·94 and 0·81 (internal consistency) respectively. Responsiveness was sufficient for OHIP-J14 and OHIP-J5 indicated by 'medium' effect sizes (0·50 and 0·57 respectively). In addition to sufficient discriminative psychometric properties, the ability to measure change of perceived oral health make OHIP-J14 and OHIP-J5 suitable for outcomes research.